Describe and evaluate one social psychological theory of aggression? Essay

Deindividualisation is the point at which somebody loses their feeling of character and draws in themselves in shameless things. The hypothesis of deindividualisation proposes that when an individual is associated with a group they act like the group for example for example, football crooks. Similarly as the adage goes you are what you wear or eat can be applied here for example you are upon what your group or friends are upon. Le Bon suggested that there were various variables that lead a person to turn out to be mentally changed in a group. One being staying unknown in the group for example when you’re around many individuals you are probably not going to be spotted. Zimbardo anyway contended with Le Bon saying that deindividualisation is a consequence of decreased obligation, expanded excitement, tactile over-burden and modified awareness. Exploration concentrate into deindivialistion †Zimbardo jail experiment Aim: To research whether situational or dispositional factors are what make us aggressive. Procedure: 24 genuinely stable men were selected There were 2 gatherings one was monitors and the other one was prisoners.  Zimbardo changed the personality of detainees by giving them numbers, and being alluded to by numbers. Zimbardo additionally changed the character of gatekeepers by making them wear military garments. They conveyed whistles, cuffs etc†¦ Findings:  Even however the earth was fake watchmen detainees despite everything obeyed and responded brutal. Situational instead of dispositional in light of the fact that they were typical caring men. AO2 †Evaluation of Zimbardo et al study  High natural legitimacy because of the way that the earth and the conduct were reasonable. Despite the fact that the set up was fake, the animosity or lost personality was fairly peculiar despite the fact that all men knew it’s a phony set up. Study demonstrated high limits of hostility and conduct when character is lost. Negative Unethical in light of the fact that outrageous damage either verbal or physical was afflicted. Sample was unrepresantable on the grounds that it just included men. AO1 Research into Deindiviualistion †Diener et al †stunt or treat experiment. Aim: to research whether youngsters take, when in gatherings or separately. Procedure:â â 27 ladies were approached to give 1000 desserts to kids during Halloween night  Some of the kids were all alone while others were in groups.  The ladies would open the entryway and imagine that a call came and train carefully for the youngsters to just take one sweet each  A shrouded eyewitness saw whether they complied. Findings:â children were bound to take in a gathering when they are left anonymous. AO2 †Evaluation of experiment Positive High biological legitimacy since analyze was done in a genuine domain and an enormous example was used. Negative Only kids were utilized, would grown-ups do the same? Study just demonstrated taking minimal minor stuff, for example, desserts, would it be same for example in bank burglary? Â

Socrates and his theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Socrates and his hypotheses - Essay Example In opposition to different logicians, Socrates committed his life to serve his kin without charging expenses (Plato 34). In this manner, to express that Socrates had no or little investment of popular government in Athenian government is totally evident. Socrates apparent just type of administration as degenerate, crooked, and he significantly contrasted with its belief systems. As a logician, Socrates had confidence in common sense and basic intuition with the goal for one to improve their life. He contradicted the possibility of the greater part being in government, which is one of the essentials that structure a majority rule government. As indicated by Pericles, Socrates absence of acknowledgment in equity through cooperation of the lion's share makes him less a law based resident (Plato 40). Cleon as depicted by Thucydides was a tenacious supporter of the law based arrangement of government. In his discourse Cleon, maintains the negative parts of the Athenian standards. Cleon fi rmly accepted that any individual who restricted the Athenian government is dependent upon discipline (Thucydides 25). Cleon conveyed his discourse restricting the Mytilenian rebel against Athens. In his discourse, Cleon accentuated on specific parts of popular government talked about by Pericles in his well known burial service address. These viewpoints incorporate the execution of the death row sentence. It is my supposition that as much as Cleon persuaded Athenians through his discourse that vote based system is the response to harmony, request and correspondence. Be that as it may, it is fundamental to think about the assessment of the minority for majority rules system to be successful and adequate. Socrates didn't bolster Athenian law based government as a result of its numbness of the minority. Actually, he thought of it as an instrument of persecution. Socrates would profoundly differ with Cleon’s discourse loaded with narcissistic cases for vote based government. Thi s is on the grounds that in his discourse Cleon doesn't make reference to the establishment of virtues among the residents to guarantee precision. Or maybe, he underlines on the execution of the law whether it is simply or predisposition (Thucydides 30). His discourse contrasts Socrates faith in the intensity of information and basic speculation instead of observing and serving the law indiscriminately (Plato 56). In his discourse Diodotus, worried on the significance of thinking before actualizing a standard. Diodotus inclinations the Athenian parliament to reason and plan before passing a judgment on the Mytilenian transformation. Diodotus restricted Cleon who remained by the guidelines of law. It is my understanding that Diodotus understood that system and thoughtfulness are fundamental in usage of intensity or rules. As on account of Athens, they confronted a test in incorporating different states in their arrangement of administration. This was aftereffect of absence of procedu re and judgment (Thucydides 50). Diodotus in his discourse contended that by savvy thinking Athenians would unpretentiously stifle different states without the utilization of power. Diodotus contention agrees with Socrates standards of administration and force. Much the same as Diodotus, Socrates put stock in reasonable clash unraveling techniques. In addition, in his speculations Socrates expresses that, through basic thinking, a state can accomplish anything it plans to secure without the utilization of power. Socrates additionally trusted in information as an apparatus for self-improvement. Be that as it may, Diodotus and Socrates contrasted regarding investment in governmental issues. Diodotus was a functioning figure in strategy making while Socrates worried about securing of information (Kamtekar 80). On account of the Mytilenian banter, Diodotus

Probable vs. Possible

Plausible versus Conceivable Plausible versus Conceivable Plausible versus Conceivable By Mark Nichol What’s the distinction among plausible and conceivable? Carefully, they’re random, however in mainstream use, their qualification is just one of degree. Conceivable the thing structure is probability implies â€Å"having the potential.† (Potential, alongside the last word’s root, strong, shares an etymological beginning with the previous word.) Possible stems from the Latin expression possibilis, which gets thusly from force, which implies â€Å"power† or â€Å"to be able.† Posse itself was obtained into English from the Medieval Latin expression gang comitatus, which actually implies â€Å"power of the county.† (This term, later abbreviated to force, alluded to the authority of a neighborhood authority to recruit men to react to a crisis; such a nominated detail includes in numerous works of recorded or printed fiction in the western sort, yet now, the term is most ordinarily heard as a funny slang equivalent word for a celebrity’s escort or entourage or anyone’s gathering of companions.) Plausible, which implies â€Å"likely,† originates from the Latin expression probabilis, which itself comes from probare, which means â€Å"to support, demonstrate, or test.† Related words alluding to the main sense incorporate approval and integrity; substantiate itself is similar to likely, as is test. Likelihood is the term for the part of science managing possibility and is utilized in rationale to allude to how much two proclamations affirm one another. Plausible alludes to what is probably going to be done, to happen, or to be valid; conceivable alludes to what should be possible, to happen, or to be valid. On the off chance that you state something is plausible, you are communicating more certainty about it than if you express that it is conceivable. Be that as it may, the differentiation is huge: It is conceivable, for instance, for anybody to turn out to be breathtakingly well off, however the likelihood is limitlessly factor. Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Yours reliably or Yours sincerely?Is There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?How Long Should a Synopsis Be?

Confucianism in Chinese and Japanese Accounting Systems free essay sample

In this paper we will examine how the impact of Confucianism has straightforwardly influenced both China and Japan in a social and financial sense. After a short conversation of Confucianism and the historical backdrop of East Asian bookkeeping we will completely inspect the outcomes of these countries systems post 2005. We will talk about how these occasions have changed the Chinese and Japanese bookkeeping frameworks of today and how Confucianism is the hidden factor in these changes. The meaning of Confucianism Confucianism expounds on the estimations of reliability, obedient devotion, trustworthiness, consideration, exemplary nature, ceremonies, and honesty. This regulation was created more than 2000 years prior by Confucius, who gave a to direct individuals to managing a wide range of crisis’s utilizing right good lead and the correct conduct later on (Aiken, 1998). Essentially, Confucius gave a system to distinguish what is correct and sublime, particularly for urging individuals keep on accomplishing their destinations when they face misfortune. Likewise, he recommended that both the rulers and the controlled could set up specific relations so as to diminish antagonistic connections (Gao, Handley-Schachler, 2003). In the hypothesis there is an accentuation on change, which implies everything is changing constantly and even individuals have a place with this dynamic procedure (Tang, 2000). Individuals will interrelate with one another and can't live alone. Confucius expresses that the public government assistance is a higher priority than personal circumstances. Confucianism likewise stresses that instruction assumes a noteworthy job in the public arena. It forsakes segregation and furthermore can encourage the improvement of society and the development in the economy (Aiken, 1998). It favors showing moral practices and moral practice; for example, everyday citizens generally productively regard moral models as opposed to government’s orders. Notwithstanding, it can likewise be genuine that people are affected by law and declarations, which forces individuals to just focus on authoritative document. As per People’s Republic of China (2001), rivalry is a basic and significant standard in the general public. Be that as it may, rivalry can be seen as â€Å"counterproductive† in the East Asia. This is on the grounds that they accept the most significant standard is collaboration. In the western viewpoint, inspecting has abused the principle precept of Confucianism, which is trust. The idea of straightforwardness can legitimize its auditability by an even minded authenticity. Accordingly, Confucianism accepts that eagerness drives the procedure of business and the reason for a dealer, and the bookkeeper is a disgraceful occupation, particularly for the senior. Ramifications of Confucianism for East Asian bookkeeping According to News Release (2001), the ramifications of Confucianism brings about the bookkeeping framework tending to concentrate on structure and structure. This arrangements with the congruity of conventional practices as opposed to creative systems. In this way, individuals hold fast to customs and century long ceremonies. Confucianism drives individuals to reliability to country, family, companions, and dutiful devotion, which can bring the relationship of nepotism. Nepotism alludes to the mystery of bookkeepers. In the regulation of means from Confucius accentuates of the idea of control. This implies picking a center methodology can be taken to manage vulnerability circumstances. The pathway has been showed in bookkeeping as far as increasingly broad dangers exposure in the distributed yearly report (Aiken, 1998). In East Asian bookkeeping, it likewise follows the principle of means. In view of conservatism, they for the most part concede gains until it is unmistakably feasible. This strategy is an unrefined route for managing drawback hazard and outlining misfortunes soon. Another methodology which generally use in East Asian nations is salary smoothing so as to adapt to vulnerabilities in bookkeeping (People’s Republic of China, 2001). This strategy settles income which is general engaged with hardening the pinnacles and valleys to make stable. It for the most part happens in the presentation of salary estimations. The two methodologies can be considered as a drawn out presentation, which is engaged with Confucianism. The recommendation of complete honesty of Chinese and Japanese monetary report appears to credit to the ideas of trustworthiness and honesty in the Confucianism. Shockingly, genuineness and honesty doesn't happen in either nation. Actually, they don't generally acknowledge the monetary substance in their bookkeeping frameworks. They generally hold fast to the example of authoritative document. In the bookkeeping report, they typically overlook the valuations of reasonable market. Rather, they center around the authentic expenses. In any case, substance over structure is utilized when there is new bookkeeping given in China. Furthermore there is a progressive request, which implies that individuals must think about relations, for example, family funds and business exchanges exist in Chinese society (Tang, 2000). Confucianism beliefs imply that there are no bookkeeping standards and no legislative administering, however it doesn't exist in those nations. Hence, there is a low level of polished skill in the public eye and bookkeepers assume a constrained job in those nations. Chinese Accounting and Confucianism Chinese bookkeeping has been changed from the Mixed Market bookkeeping model to the ongoing bookkeeping model dependent on expanding worldwide business exercises and boosting advancement of culture, economy and governmental issues during the most recent decade. Confucianism, which is the principle wellspring of Chinese culture incorporates perfect, character, ideological idea, feeling of worth and social brain science, impacts various characters of bookkeeping. The change of Chinese bookkeeping Understanding how Chinese bookkeeping has changed in past periods will profit the exploring of the connections among Confucianism and bookkeeping. History shows that Chinese bookkeeping and examining had developed 6,000 years prior and had the most exceptional framework on the planet. Scientists even discovered counts and records noted on wood (Lu W Aiken M 2003, p. 1). In the old time frames, Chinese bookkeeping had low advancement because of governments not focusing or supporting examination in bookkeeping and the general public. The administration didn't view bookkeeping and bookkeepers as parts of an expert action (Lu W Aiken M 2003, p. 1). In late hundreds of years, China has become the second biggest goal of interest on the planet, anyway more prominent yearly bookkeeping and budgetary reports are required for remote financial specialists and loan bosses to draw in progressively outside venture. In this manner, the Chinese bookkeeping model, principles and the arrangement of expert rules have been went with and encouraged to create. The present Chinese bookkeeping framework is based on a juridical premise and orchestrated with different nations. Despite essential bookkeeping standard, components, accounting strategies, or the arrangement of budgetary report, the Chinese bookkeeping fit with outside bookkeeping standards and that has inspired increasingly potential speculators to gain productive data through the perusing of money related reports. The impact of Confucianism in Chinese bookkeeping . ) The Government People in China have been familiar with complying with the administration on the grounds that the idea of delineated society which has been profoundly imparted in the general population. These days, the capacity of Chinese government is wide and solid which incorporates enactment, judicature and organization. Specialists increasing solid force from Confucianism prompts the powerful separation that open will likely dread, appreciate and basically follow choices from the legislature. Subsequently, the legislature, all things considered, chooses the Chinese bookkeeping standards. In the estimation of obligation right, Confucianism lectures that obligation is a higher priority than right. Individuals will be viewed as delicate, good and legitimate on the off chance that they contribute themselves more to society and others. Another vital view from Confucianism, is benefit of aggregate should be viewed as first. This decides China’s solid government a power over the general population. Along these lines, China’s government has a basic job in settling on choices in bookkeeping. 2. ) Accounting Ethics Furthermore, Confucianism stresses reality, for example, characteristic guideline and ational rationale may effectsly affect bookkeeping morals. Confucianism guesses that individuals ought to accept the existence your living as opposed to phantoms, divine beings, and passing, which has become a piece of Chinese standards of conduct. This proof recommends that Chinese won't stress over fault by anyone ethically, or setting off to the damnation and drivi ng divine beings mad after they disrupting the guidelines. In this manner, activity of Chinese bookkeeping framework may have some genuine hindrances in view of the defectiveness of bookkeeping morals. 3. ) Conservatism Conservatism is another fundamental quality of Confucianism. It influences Chinese bookkeepers that are not ready to adapt to the dangers or potential misfortunes from the vulnerability in a business domain. This outcomes from the way that China has changed to a market-situated economy lately. Bookkeeping changes need to accelerate the procedure of advancement and begin having representatives rehearsing how to manage chances so as to give dependable bookkeeping data to both household and worldwide speculators (Lin J Chen F 1999, p. 33). Japanese Accounting and Confucianism The establishment of Japanese bookkeeping norms depends on Commercial Code, which was originated from German Commercial Law (McKinnon, 1986). The Japanese bookkeeping framework has been extraordinarily affected by Confucianism. Regions, for example, accentuating long haul money related execution and looking for consistency in keiretsu, has Confucian roots yet it has not totally clung to Confucianism (Bloom, 2003). Japan has ceaselessly modified the bookkeeping standard since the late 1990’s. This is because of the provisos and shortcomings of the

Sweatshop labor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sweatshop work - Essay Example The realities are prove in how 7 percent of exchange the world over today is with fake products. (Thomas, p 2). This sort of assembling of merchandise is engaged with so much disasters as youngster work, damaging conditions, alongside binds to fear based oppression and composed wrongdoing. Law makes reference to how falsifying outcomes in something other than low wages, yet in control and channeling of monies into criminal operations that act like critical dangers to society all in all (Thomas, p. 2) Conditions that kids laborers are made to suffer are awful by any sensible person’s standard. Indeed, it should stun the soul of U.S. purchasers and specialists the same. One model that Dana Thomas found in Thailand was a plant that had little youngsters who were being compelled to make fake totes available to be purchased to the more created terrains, for example, the United States. The youngsters had their legs purposefully broken by sweatshop proprietors and set in such a way, that no mending of the wrecked appendages would happen. The proprietors did this to drive the kids to neutralize their will in the creation of fake merchandise (Thomas, p.1). Propelled countries like America are adding to the issue of sweatshop work and looking for ease products to the detriment of human wellbeing and fairness issues. This is a significant society issue as Jim Hightower focuses to in his article â€Å"The Price of Cheap Goods†. One issue that Hightower calls attention to is that America has such an interest for minimal effort work that basic shields for laborers are being overlooked or circumvent essentially because of monetary interest and weight forever less expensive work costs and higher benefits for the American based organizations (Hightower, p.1) One model that Hightower makes reference to is that exploration at one Hong Kong territory production line found that the laborers at the plant will break or

10 Amazing Canadian Audiobooks for Your Ear-Reading Pleasure

10 Amazing Canadian Audiobooks for Your Ear-Reading Pleasure One of the ways I’ve been able to really up my reading game these past few years is getting heavily into audiobooks. I like to read a fair amount of Canadian authors, especially authors who fit the bill for my queer Canadian book blog, Casey the Canadian Lesbrarian. But trying to combine my new love of audiobooks and my long-standing love of Canadian authors has been difficult. One reason for this is I can’t really afford to buy audiobooks, so I pretty much rely on digital audiobooks through my local library. Obviously, what is available through those channels is limited. But more significantly, there are a lot of great Canadian books that simply don’t exist in audiobook format. This lack only gets more pronounced when you’re talking about Canadian books by authors of color and/or LGBTQ authors. Where are the Canadian audiobooks?? Happily, I’ve been noticing lately that this situation is changing for the better! So I present for you 10 amazing Canadian audiobooks (fiction and nonfiction) now available. Some are new books, some are old, but all are great reads. Canadian audiobooks for the win! [Note: Ive included a few Indigenous authors who live in what we call Canada here, but that doesnt mean they identify as Canadian]. Adult Onset by Ann-Marie MacDonald MacDonald’s most recent novel is a fascinating, riveting book that takes place over one week in the life of a (lesbian) stay-at-home mom in Toronto. Its psychologically rich and complicated, dealing with the stresses of motherhood and remembered trauma of physical illness and familial homophobia. Its painfully real a lot of the time, but often in a way that makes you feel less alone. And in a way that makes you chuckle at the dark humor. MacDonald, who is also an accomplished actress to addition to an author, narrates the audiobook and she is absolutely fabulous. She has a wonderful expressive voice. She also does great different voices and accents (including Cape Breton, Nova Scotia) for different characters. The Conjoined by Jen Sookfong Lee This is an un-put-downable book, part family drama and part mystery. (Although you dont get the tidy resolution you do in traditional mystery, so be warned!) The crux of the story is that as Jessica sorts through her mother’s belongings after her recent funeral, she makes a shocking discovery: two dead girls curled into the bottom of her mother’s freezer. The characters are expertly drawn, all authentic and sympathetic, all far from perfect. Sookfong Lees writing is incisive, thoughtful, and generous. The audiobook voice actor, Sabryn Rock, is pitch perfect, embodying the chilling thrills and family emotional highs and lows. A great book for fans of Megan Abbott. This Accident of Being Lost: Songs and Stories by Leanne Betasamosake Simpson Nishnaabeg writer Leanne Betasamosake Simpson’s most recent collection is just incredible, as I’ve come to expect with her work. This book is a collection of stories and songs/poems. As you might guess, it’s wonderfully diverse in format as it blurs the lines between fiction and nonfiction and poetry and prose. But that diversity is just as prominent in content. In addition to contemporary stories and poems, there are also numerous stories with a futuristic bent. I don’t know how to describe her writing except so beautiful and often very funny! The author, who is also a performer and musician, does the narration in the audiobook. She is lovely with her quietly powerful voice, just a little deadpan sarcastic in the perfect way to match the humor in many of the pieces. The Marrow Thieves by Cherie Dimaline For those of you not in the know about Canadian book stuff, this YA novel by a Metis author won one of our biggest literary awards in 2017 (the Governor General’s Literary Award). Deservedly, obviously. It’s about a post-apocalyptic world ravaged by climate change where settlers hunt Indigenous people for their bone marrow, which gives others the crucial ability they have lost: to dream. Lots of fascinating world-building to be found here! The audiobook production of this smart, moving YA is excellent. Superb narration by Meegwun Fairbrother (who is Ojibway), and some sparse but effective sound effects like cackling fire and mood music. The Best Kind of People by Zoe Whittall Zoe Whittall is one of my favorite (Canadian) authors, and The Best Kind of People is her most recent novel. It’s a bit of a departure from her first two novels, which are all very much in that niche of very queer and very Canadian. There are also queer characters in this one, but it’s set in the States and queerness isn’t so much a focus as is feminism and rape culture. It’s a highly perceptive, character-driven book told from multiple perspectives. The story revolves around a central question: what if one of the men accused in a high profile sexual assault case was your husband or father? Audiobook narrator extraordinaire Cassandra Campbell excels at these kinds of intense stories that center on relationships and the dark complexities of human lives. I’m Afraid of Men by Vivek Shraya This short nonfiction audiobook is actually my current read! I’ve been a fan of Shraya’s work for years now. I was so pleased to see her latest book available as an audiobook. In this extended personal essay, Shraya writes about the damage she has accumulated over the course of her life as a result of misogyny, homophobia, and transphobia. She describes how masculinity was forced on her as a kid, how she had to learn to convincingly perform it to survive (even and perhaps especially in the queer community), and how it still haunts her after coming out as trans. This is a passionate, smart book. It’s also very accessible, a good choice for someone not too well versed in the gender issues Shraya discusses. It’s another author-narrated book, done extremely well by Shraya who also has a background as a performer/musician. A Complicated Kindness by Miriam Toews A Complicated Kindness is one of my all-time favorite books. It’s so exciting that it’s now available as an audiobook! It’s another Governor General Literary Award winner. The novel is a darkly funny coming-of-age story that is alternately full of grief and hope. 16-year-old Nomi lives in a Mennonite (a small sect of fundamentalist Christianity) community in Manitoba. The church has just shunned her mom and sister, which basically shuts them out of every aspect of the community. Nomi’s voice is expertly handled, both in Toews’s written word and in her narration of the audiobook. Beautiful, funny writing and excellent characterization. Lullabies for Little Criminals by Heather O’Neill Heather O’Neill’s debut novel is another old CanLit favorite of mine that has now been made into an audiobook! In fact, there’s a tenth anniversary edition including an introduction read by the author. It’s a story about being a teen essentially living on the streets of Montreal. Told in O’Neill’s deceptively simple style, it’s a book at once innocent, tender, dark, and menacing. O’Neill does an incredible job of drawing the voice of Baby, the young teen caught up in the seedy life of her junkie dad. It takes a talented voice actor to be able to appropriately translate this voice to audiobook. Miriam McDonald gets it right, the peculiar mix of urban savviness and innocence that Baby has on the brink of teenagehood. Saints and Misfits by S.K. Ali This debut YA contemporary novel is by a Toronto author. Saints and Misfits is a beautifully complex book about a Muslim teenage girl dealing with a whole lot of stuff at once. The most pressing and troubling is an attempted sexual assault by a boy in her community. But there’s also her crush on a non-Muslim boy and her continual surprise when her expectations about the people in her life aren’t met (in a good way). What I really appreciated about this book was how the teenage voice felt very authentic. And although it deals seriously with the issue of sexual assault, the book is also often funny and charming. Ariana Delwari has an appropriately young-sounding voice that sounds very genuine as a teenage girl. This authenticity is especially necessary for the first-person narrative. I’ve Been Meaning to Tell You by David Chariandy If you loved Ta-Nehisi Coatess Between the World and Me, you’ll love Chariandy’s most recent non-fiction book. It’s a letter to his daughter about race. Chariandy, who has Black and South Asian ancestry via Trinidad, had been thinking about how to talk about race with his daughter since her question “what happened?” at the age of 3 in response to a racist incident. Addressing her now at age 13, Chariandy writes of his past: both his own lifetime growing up as a racial minority in Canada and his familial and ancestral histories in Trinidad. It’s by looking at the past that he hopes to gift his daughter his love, a sense of responsibility, identity, and possible hope for the future. Appropriately, it’s the author himself who narrates the audiobook with the same power and emotion that obviously went into the writing itself. Check out more audiobook content on Book Riot. Want more Canadian books? Try this list 100 Must-Read Books by Canadian Authors and   Award-Winning Canadian Books from 2017. And add any great Canadian audiobooks you know in the comments! Sign up for Audiobooks to receive the latest from the audiobooks world. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Living In Color The Truth Behind Racial Bias in the Criminal Justice System

According to the NAACP, if African Americans and Hispanics were incarcerated at the same rates as whites, prison and jail populations would decline by almost 40%.   Racial bias is undeniably evident in the criminal justice system and is proven by the simple fact that blacks are more likely than whites to go to jail for the same crime.   In addition, people of color must face unfair treatment by law enforcement which precludes them from thriving in society. Due to this, parents of minorities must teach their children to live unnoticed, out of fear that they will be targeted by the police.   These children are forced to have strained childhoods and are unable to grow as freely as white children do. Many efforts to find a resolution to this issue have been made, but nothing has permanently changed the bias within the system. The criminal justice system must be changed to eliminate racial bias during the sentencing process because it is unjust, threatens the lives of minorities, an d strains the childhoods of children of color. Racial bias creates an unjust society for minorities. Unfortunately, â€Å"African Americans are incarcerated at more than five times the rate of whites†, presenting a clear racial disparity in the criminal justice system (NAACP 2).   Even though African Americans are the minority of the nation, they are the majority in prison systems. In addition, Ronald G. Fryer Jr. discusses in his analysis of the racial differences in police, how research has found that blacks and Hispanics are over 50% more likely to experience a form of force in interactions with police (Fryer 7).   Police officers often target those of color unconsciously because they do not realize that they have this bias. Racial bias is often formed through the background in which a person has; therefore, the officer may have been exposed to certain stereotypes about minorities as they grew up (Struyk 8). For this reason, minorities are dealt unfair disadvantages in society, which makes them more susceptible to being incarcerated or killed.   Furthermore, the lives of minorities in the United States are at great risk due to racial stereotyping. In Angelica Delgado’s study on the experiences of Latinos and African Americans with law enforcement, her results showed that institutional racism, specifically that experienced through police brutality, is a social determinant of health (Delgado 2). Negative encounters with law enforcement have profound, life-altering, and long-lasting effects on individuals, families, and communities at large.   Stress is especially a large problem for physical health, as it is often related to higher blood pressure which can lead to heart disease. Also, there is a very significant psychological pressure on people who experience discrimination and prejudice, and that in turn has an affect on their relationships with other people and their families and communities, making them often more difficult and less s atisfactory. Lastly, children of color are unable to live their lives as freely as white children. They are held to higher standards, and normal childlike behavior is often seen as a criminal threat.   This causes children of color to be pushed out, overpoliced, and overprotected (Bernstein 4). Many efforts have been put forth to eliminate racial bias from the criminal justice system. One way is to â€Å"make it a significant political issue and challenge the agencies to become more accountable. This can be done through lawsuits, like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) chapter in New York sued the New York City government and New York City police department for racial profiling and their stop and frisk policy, and the courts found that those practices were unconstitutional, violated several key rights in the Constitution† (Dunn 5).   Also, African Americans must take action and run for elected positions in government. This is because when they wield more political power and have more elected officials, police departments and those jurisdictions have much less racial profiling. Unfortunately, there are many difficulties in eliminating racial bias because of how different states have different laws. Overall, racial bias can only be eliminated if people work together to change the criminal justice system.   Fairness in the system is one of the crucial justice issues of any period. It is a long standing issue that can be changed.   It is vital that new attempts to change the system are put into action, because minorities will never have the ability to gain the true freedom of an American if they are constantly worried about being harmed or persecuted due to their skin color.   Ã‚  It limits their opportunities to live a satisfactory life, to have access to necessary resources and opportunities to increase their standing in life, to get better educations and jobs, services, and more. It can be difficult to pinpoint exactly how to make a chan ge.   It is not certain whether or not people will stick to and follow through with the change. In order to find the true answers to the issue, the laws which may prohibit the elimination of racial bias must be examined and the roots of the issue amongst communities should be identified.   Ã‚  A precedent needs to be established so that equality is practiced in all states. The repeated cycle of stereotypes must be ended. This starts with finding people who are willing to make a difference within their own communities. It will take conscious effort, specific measures, and time.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"If we bank progress on it and really see change, that will have a huge impact on people’s lives and open up more opportunities and help in many ways. It is the big fight, it’s the big struggle† - Timothy Dunn. Works Cited Bates, Karen Grigsby. â€Å"A Look Back At Trayvon Martin's Death, And The Movement It Inspired.† NPR, NPR, 31 July 2018.  Accessed 5 December 2018 . Beckett, Katherine. â€Å"Race of Death Row Inmates Executed Since 1976.† Death Penalty Information Center, NAACP, 1 Oct. 2018.  Accessed 25 October 2018. Bernstein, Robin. â€Å"Let Black Kids Just Be Kids.† The New York Times, The New York Times, 26 July 2017. Accessed 24 October 2018. Delgado, Angelica. â€Å"Police Brutality: Impacts on Latino and African American Lives and Communities.† Santa Clara University, 2016. Accessed 27 February 2019. Dunn, Timothy. Interview. 3 January 2019. Fryer, Ronald G. â€Å"AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN POLICE USE OFFORCE.† NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES, July 2016. Accessed 27 February 2019. Hetey, Rebecca C., and Jennifer L. Eberhardt. â€Å"The Numbers Don’t Speak for Themselves: Racial Disparities and the Persistence of Inequality in the Criminal Justice System.† Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 27, no. 3, 2018, pp. 183–187.  Accessed 12 February 2019. Jubile e Project, director. Dear Child - When Black Parents Have To Give "The Talk". Youtube, Jubilee, 3 Nov. 2016. Accessed 17 December 2018. Kirschman, Ellen. â€Å"Pre-Employment Psychological Screening for Cops.† Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, 5 Sept. 2017. Accessed 8 November 2018 NAACP. â€Å"Criminal Justice Fact Sheet.† NAACP, 2018, Accessed 5 December 2018 The National Academies Press. â€Å"Race, Crime, and Juvenile Justice: The Issue of Racial Disparity.† Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice , 2001, pp. 228–260. Accessed 27 February 2019. Urban Joy, Promenade Themes, 28 Feb. 2018.  Ã‚  Accessed 17 December 2018. Warrell, Margie. â€Å"A Brave Interview: Raising A Black Child In America.† Forbes, Forbes Magazine, 31 July 2015.  Accessed 24 October 2018. Weitzer, R. â€Å"Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System: Findings and Problems in the Literature.† National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 1996.   Accessed 12 F ebruary 2019.

Media s Influence On The Media Essay - 1172 Words

Mass media has a very influential part in today’s society. Consisting of radio broadcasting, books, the Internet, and television they allow information and entertainment to travel at a fast pace as well to a vast audience. This vast majority of information can easily manipulate and or persuade people to have certain stereotypes on specific genders. TV commercials are one of the most influential structures in the media. Looking back 20 to 30 years, stereotypes were clearly welcomed on TV and in commercials, but today it’s starting to become a problem. Commercials are the vast source of gender stereotyping, because they are adapted to the specific, either male or female target, and are â€Å"the reflection of the recipient†. The aim of the modern commercial is not only the satisfaction of needs but also their creation. Women are more often presented in commercials, because they are seen as responsible for making everyday purchases. Men generally advertise cars, cigarettes, business products or investments, whereas women are shown rather in the commercials with cosmetics and domestic products. They are also more likely portrayed in the home environment, unlike men, who are shown outdoors. Another important distinction is the face-ism phenomenon in the commercials, which consists in showing the entire figure in case of women and close-up shots in case of men (Matthews, J. L. 2007). The first method lowers the receiver’s estimation of the intelligence of the person on theShow MoreRelatedMedia s Influence On The Media1637 Words   |  7 Pagesdisplayed in the mass media is conditioned by wealth and power, so as a result of the concentration of power and the official censorship done by the government and corporate sources; the media follows the ideas of the elite. In order to deliver messages that support the elite’s beliefs, the media goes through five different filters that determine the information presented, this are ownership of media, funding, sourcing, flak, and fear. First, when referring to the ownership of media, it is importantRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Media Essay1606 Words   |  7 PagesLusby English composition 12/1/2016 The Media s Influence    Can the media really persuade you into thinking a way about a person you have not even meet? The media can make influence you into thinking a certain way about some and also influence a choice that you could have to make about them that could change their life forever. To prove this I have researched into articles that could help me prove that the media can influence these things. First the media in the form of television can give you aRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media2111 Words   |  9 Pagestoday is communicated through media. Media is the most powerful and influential force in the country. The media are powerful agents of socialization and they set the standard that majority follow. The power giving to American media has allowed them to be very effective using propaganda as strategy, the media tend to say they serve to relieve social conflicts into minimum. We clearly see that the media promote social conflicts by separating class. The image that media has created in the mind of massesRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media892 Words   |  4 Pages In today’s culture, it’s hard not to come across some form of media, whether that is an advertisement on a roadway, a commercial on the television, or even an ad on the portable games you play on your phone. The average 8-18-year-old experiences about 7.5 hours of some form of media a day. [1] Out of the 24 hours in a day over a quarter of it is spent looking at or listening to advertisements for products, the news, video games, television, movies, music, books, and the internet. A common way toRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media1977 Words   |  8 Pagespushes their political view. News viewers tend to be oblivious when it comes to bias in the media because they would rather hear what they believe is right. There are many ways to find truth in journalism that everyone needs to be aware of for example, going to more than one source and conducting a SMELL test. Biased media has made a big impact on it’s viewers, creating a big division between the two sides. Media plays a big part on how people get everyday news, but ultimately, it is up to the viewerRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Media1986 Words   |  8 PagesWe are a world that revolves around our media outlets. This is because we depend on them to give to us the information that we need to be able to live our daily lives. Whether it is the news on politics or just events that are happening around your area. The real question though is has news changed? And the follow up question to that would be; how do historians think news has changed? The news media has changed throughout history because of the rise of technology. It is now possible to reach peopleRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1928 Words   |  8 Pages V. New Media In the course of the most recent couple of decades, the media scene has changed drastically. The most essential change is from an old media model of television to another media model of narrowcasting. TV alludes to media speaking to the overall population and is exemplified by system TV, radio, and daily papers. Narrowcasting, made conceivable by television networks, Internet, and satellite radio, is focused to particular gatherings of people. The new media have various essentialRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1543 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media publicizes a substantial amount of messages about identity and acceptable ways to express gender, sexuality and ones lifestyle, but at the same time, the viewers have their own differing feelings about the issues. The media may suggest certain feelings and actions, but the audiences feelings can never overpower self-expression completely. The media portrays certain things because it is what is being accepted. Neither parties, these being the media and its audience, have full power overRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1703 Words   |  7 Pagescentury, mass media became widely recognized. In a period of mass availability, people today have entry to more media outlets than ever before. According to media scholar Jean Kilbourne,â€Å"the average American is exposed to over 3,000 advertisements a day and watches three years’ worth of television ads over the course of a lifetime† (back cover). It is all around us, from the shows we watch on television, the music we listen to on the radio, and to the books and magazines we read each day. Media is the numberRead MoreMedia s Influence On Media1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe way that diasporic audiences use media products to give them a connection to their country of origin has been a topic of research for many scholars. The increasing ability to stream content online allows people to keep the same routine in watching content and to watch content which they can relate to and see themselves reflected in, often unlike the content on in their new home country. Online news allows people to keep up with current events and look out for events that may affect the ones they

Animal Hoarding Is A Form Of Animal Cruelty - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 729 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Cruelty To Animals Essay Did you like this example? How would you feel if you were born and taken away from your mother just to be treated poorly and abused? What if no one knew that type of stuff was going on and you were left defenseless with nobody to lean on? Most people have pets at home that they love and carful and wouldnt know how to handle their baby (in animal form) being treated cruel. Considering that humans and four-legged animals all have feelings and suffer from pain and cruelty, the United States must treat those who inflict pain on animals with the same punishment use for humans who hurt other humans; animals cannot speak for themselves, so people must be held accountable by one another and be required to treat animals with respect and kindness or suffer fines and jail time for any and all cruel actions.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Animal Hoarding Is A Form Of Animal Cruelty" essay for you Create order Most animal cruelty/abuse case are never talked about and almost always overlooked. The numbers are rising for arrest as more and more crimes are becoming crueler. According to Human Society, Animal cruelty includes intentional, malicious acts of harm and less evident perdicaments where the needs of an animal are neglected. According to The Guardian website, calls to cruelty hotline rose by nearly 5% in 2016, but charity says increase reflects more sharing of abuse footage on social media. 5-7 million animals are put in shelters each year, more than 20% of dogs left at a shelter had been adopted from a shelter, the number of stray cats alone in the U.S. is estimated to be about 70 million. All animals need to be cared for no matter what condition they are in. If someone were to abuse my pet, I dont think I would take that lightly being that it would extremely hurt my feelings. Imagine being an animal just for a second. Put yourself in those shoes and see if you agree with the way they are being treated. Imagine being locked into a cage with no food or water and getting picked on and itrs nothing you can do; how would you feel? Imagine getting out of that cage and having someone love on you for just a second. You would feel as if you finally found something special and have a go to. According to the Humane Society, of the United States with over 10 million supporters, everything extra counts. They love the animals but there are many who indeed need many things done. Animals being used for research and nothing is being done to stop it. Scientist doing research use many cruel manners for them to experiment. Some do not get various amounts of foods, they get tortured, and are put through many situations no one would want to go through. This is for many selfish reasons, as to seeing how stuff works on them in to regards as to how it will react on other animals or even humans. Animals deserve the world just as well as us humans. Animals could be your best friend, but it just all depends on how you treat them. A lot of individuals go out their way to make sure they take care of, show love to, and protect their animals, simply because they are like babies to them. People feel as if it isnt beneficial to them then itrs not an important story that has to be told. Dogfighting is one of the most heinous forms of animal cruelty. Fighting dogs are typically raised in isolation, so they spend most of their lives on short, heavy chains. They are regularly conditioned for fighting through the use of drugs, including anabolic steroids to enhance muscle mass and encourage aggressiveness. Fighting dogs may have their ears cropped and tails docked close to their bodies to minimize the animalrs normal body language cues and to limit areas that another dog can grab during a fight. (Matt Bershadker, ASPCA President CEO) Animal hoarding is also a form of animal cruelty. It usually happens when one takes in. Most animals abuse, neglect, and cruelty cases are never reported. All animals should be cared for home or shelter. Most scientist use animals for cruel acts as to experimenting. These people who abuse and treat the animal cruelty should be put to a stop and these animals have rights just as we do as people, we shouldnt go against them. (Daniel Gonzalez, Tyler L, Chris G,)

Superdelegates and Their Purpose in American Politics

Merchant Of Venice Shylock Character Analysis - 762 Words

The Merchant of Venice is one of Shakespeare’s most widely known and controversial comedies. Written in the late 1590s, its’ controversy stems from the modern mindset between tolerance and prejudice. Shylock, who was â€Å"at once a fabulous monster, the Jew incarnate, and also a troubling human uneasily joined with the monster in an uncanny blend†, is now looked at as a victim in light of the prejudice bestowed upon him now being recognized. Shylock’s character is so stereotypically Jewish that he becomes known as villainous instead of a victim. (1, Pg. 1) At this point of time, Jews were treated harshly and were ostracized by Christians. Shylock, because of his religion, is frequently looked down upon, spit at, and called derogatory terms.†¦show more content†¦Shylock is in the middle of lending Bassanio money, but, he requests â€Å"three thousand ducats for three months, and Antonio bound.† This is the first time Shylock mentions Anton io and it is with a negative connotation. He requests that Antonio be bound to the gamble. After a few moments, Antonio walks in and Shylock makes a speech in which he declares his hatred for Antonio. â€Å"How like a fawning publican he looks. I hate him for he is a Christian; But more, for that in low simplicity He lends out money gratis, and brings down The rate of usance here with us in Venice. If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. He hates our sacred nation, and he rails, Even there where merchants most do congregate, On me, my bargains and my well-won thrift, Which he calls ‘interest’. Cursed be my tribe If I forgive him.† This speech gives us a glimpse into why Shylock hates Antonio and the anti semitism Antonio has towards Shylock and his religion that he is dedicated to. He starts off by insulting Antonio and declaring that he hates him because he is a Christian. His hatred for Christians can be due to the fact that Christians ostracized and belittled Jewish people, especially during this time period and place. He then continues on describing what Antonio does as a career, but, with much criticism. He explains that Antonio lends money out freely and brings down the rate of interest for his friends.Show MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis of Shylock from The Merchant of Venice469 Words   |  2 PagesWilliam Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice is a classic play that has also brought about some issues revolving around the antagonist of the story Shylock. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the character of Shylock in the play and also introduce the uses of that name throughout history down to the present day. Shylock in Shakespeares work is a money lending Jew who pursues money with strong vigor and attachment. Shylock is also portrayed as literally bloodthirsty as he demands punishmentRead MoreThe Merchant of Venice939 Words   |  4 PagesContrast of Shylock and Claudius Introduction This essay looks into the lives of Shylock and Antonio. These are two of Shakespearean antagonists of all time. They are alike in more ways than one. Shylock in Merchant of Venice is a Jewish moneylender based in Venice. He has been tormented and repressed mainly by the Christian population. One finds it easy to sympathize with him mainly because he has his own reasons to be loathing, greedy, and miserly. This ends up making the entire ‘Merchant of Venice’Read MoreRacism And Prejudice By William Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice Essay1699 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion and what they believe in, however there is racism and prejudice present in the world. William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is one of his most controversial plays. Written in the 16th century England, the play poses many questions concerning racial, religious and human differences due to anti-semitism being very common at the time. The story is set in Venice where a merchant named Antonio lived. His poor friend Bassanio wants to charm and marry a lovely, rich girl of Belmont called PortiaRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice2059 Words   |  9 Pagesin The Merchant of Venice resembles a folktale known as â€Å"A Pound of Flesh† (325). Artese supports his supposition with background context and parallels between the two story lines. Literary versions of the pound of flesh story circulated during the sixteenth century and were collected since the nineteenth century because of the plot’s longevity and populairity Shakespeare would have been familiar with pound of flesh stories (326). Human commodification is a central issue in both The Merchant of VeniceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice989 Words   |  4 PagesThe Play Analysis of The Merchant of Venice The Merchant of Venice is one of Shakespeare Comedy’s published in the First Folio. (McDonald 212) This analysis will review the written work of the play and the production from the Sweet Tea Shakespeare Theater Group. An overview on a few on the main stories within the play: the animosity in the relationship between Antonio the merchant and Shylock the Jewish moneylender, the courtship of Bassanio and Portia, and the secret eloping of Jessica and LorenzoRead MoreMerchant of Venice - Plot Structure1714 Words   |  7 Pagesof ‘The Merchant of Venice is apparently fanciful but in reality exactingly structured./b/center br brThe Merchant of Venice is a fairy tale. There is no more reality in Shylocks bond and the Lord of Belmonts will than in Jack and the Beanstalk. brH. Granville-Barker, in Prefaces to Shakespeare. br brThis is one way of looking at the play, reading it or enjoying the performance. But it can be a contradiction to our actual feelings about this complex play. ‘The Merchant of VeniceRead More Shakespeares Presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice831 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeares Presentation of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice This essay is an analysis of how the character of Shylock, in the play The Merchant of Venice, is presented to the audience, by Shakespeare, in different ways. The riveting play shows the best and worst aspects of human nature and contains one of Shakespeares most reviled, complex and compelling characters. Love and romance end this play, yet before that come bigotry, racism, hatred, death threats andRead MoreMerchant Of Venice Essay Outline956 Words   |  4 Pages The Merchant of Venice Essay Outline Introduction: Hook: The theme is the main subject or message of a story. It is used to give depth and enhance the plot. The themes of The Merchant of Venice are used throughout the story of the play to make the plot move along and to encourage the characters into action. Bridge: When you read The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare there are many themes throughout the play and many lessons to be learned. Main Ideas: The most important themes are hatredRead MoreIs Shylock The Villain Or Victim In The Merchant Of Venice By William Shakespeare1411 Words   |  6 PagesCharacter Analysis Shylock Is Shylock the villain or the victim in the Merchant of Venice? In the play the ‘Merchant of Venice’ by William Shakespeare the antagonist Shylock is both the victim and the villain. Shylock is a Jewish moneylender and is initially portrayed as anger filled and bloodthirsty but as the play continues we begin to see him as more human and his emotions become more evident. As the antagonist, Shylock is a fearful adversary to Antonio, the protagonist. But as good begins toRead MoreAnalysis of The Merchant of Venice Essay513 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of The Merchant of Venice William Shakespeares play The Merchant of Venice is based on a simple enough plot, but it gives a more complex view of the characters involved. It portrays each characters attitude, opinions and actions and shows how they affect the other characters. ====================================================================== Shylock is perhaps the most noteworthy character. He is centred on most of the plays events. Throughout the

Application of the Top-Down Network Design Methodology Free Essays

1. What are the business goals? (10 points) The goals of the business are to create a new network that could support the growing number of students at the campus and to create a way for off campus students to access the network. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Application of the Top-Down Network Design Methodology or any similar topic only for you Order Now What are the business constraints? (10 points) The constraints on the company are that the budget consists of revenue from property taxes and a previously approved bond, so with the network now needing to be larger and more accessible the money from the bonds may not be enough to supplement the project. 3. What are the technical goals? (10 points) The technical goals of the company are to: *Build a new IT wing for the administration building so that all of the servers can be centralized *Connect all of the buildings to the new IT wing *Provide wireless access to the students in their classrooms *Provide wireless access to students off campus *Provide a high-speed wireless connection for the faculty *Provide a centralized online backup for student and faculty documents *Replace the PBX based phone system with a new VoIP system 4. What are the technical constraints? (10 points) The one big issue that is a technical constraint on the company is that due to the rising number of students, the school is planning on needing another campus location- which is expected to be about 15 miles away. Creating a wireless network for the new campus to connect to the original campus will cause issues when it is completed. While the new building has been approved for funding, the new addition on the network has not. 5. Diagram the existing network. (10 points) 6. Describe the existing network traffic. (10 points) 7. Complete this table for all of the applications that currently run over the network. (10 points) How to cite Application of the Top-Down Network Design Methodology, Papers

Is Psychology a Science free essay sample

Psychology is commonly defined as scientific study of human behaviour and cognitive processes. Broadly speaking the discussion focuses on the different branches of psychology, and if they are indeed scientific. However, it is integral in this to debate to understand exactly the major features of a science, in order to judge if psychology is in fact one. There must be a definable subject matter this changed from conscious human thought to human and non-human behaviour, then to cognitive processes within psychologys first eighty years as a separate discipline. Also, a theory construction is important. This represents an attempt to explain observed phenomena, such as Watsons attempt to account for human and non-human behaviour in terms of classical conditioning, and Skinners subsequent attempt to do the same with operant conditioning. Any science must have hypotheses, and indeed test them. This involves making specific predictions about behaviour under certain specified conditions, for example, predicting that by combining the sight of a rat with the sound of an iron bar banging behind his head, a small child will learn to fear the rat, as is the case of Little Albert (1923). We will write a custom essay sample on Is Psychology a Science or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, empirical methods are used in scientific fields to collect data, relevant to the hypothesis being tested, as is the case in many psychological experiments, such as the use of brain scanning in Dement and Kleitmans 1957 study. Science is meant to be objective and unbiased. It should be free of values and discover the truths about what it is studying. Positivism is the view that science is objective and a study of what is real. For example, schizophrenia, when diagnosed as being caused due to excess dopamine, is being studied in a scientific manner. The explanation does not take into account any cultural customs or individual differences that might lead to schizophrenic behaviour. However, even in scientific research like this the person is doing the diagnosing has his or her own views, and may misinterpret behaviour because of his or her own subjective biases. For example, if someone talks about hearing voices, they may be referring to a spiritual experience, but a medical practitioner might well diagnose schizophrenia. So objective, value-free study is not easy, because the scientist has views and biases, and cultural or other issues are perhaps important factors. Some say that a truly objective study is not possible. In conclusion, its a science.

Human Resource Management McDonalds

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Managementfor McDonalds. Answer: Introduction McDonalds is one the worlds largest food and beverage service chain. It is considered one of the Australias biggest employers, employing around 75,000 people in Australia. Their wide market presence has ensured that they are not likely to disappear anytime soon. It also considered as one of the best companies to work at in Australia, with its strong leadership culture. They have always given importance to talent and potentiality and to support that they have a strong training and development policy included in their human resource management (HRM), along with an advanced recognition culture (Kramer et al. 2011). This essay would focus on the different theories and models that can be used for employee retention in an organization. Discussion Employee retention concerns itself with the keeping and motivating of employees so that they can be retained in an organization for the longest period. Das and Baruah (2013) describe employee retention as the technique that is adopted by businesses so that they can maintain an effective workforce alongside meeting operational requirements. Mehta, Kurbetti and Dhankhar (2014) defines it as the procedure with the help of which the workers get encouragement in remaining with the organization they are working for an extended amount of time or until at least the completion of any project. It has been observed that employee loyalty and retention is not just determined by one single factor but a multiple number of factors (Deery and Jago 2015). Commonly cited factors that have been identified to be developmental opportunities and quality control, employment stress and colleague stress, recompense and appreciation on task completion, proviso for difficult tasks, endorsement and expansion opportunities, comfortable work environment, colleague relationships, work-life balance, communication and regulation. The retention factors as counted by Kossivi, Xu and Kalgora (2016) are compensation and perquisites, training opportunities, reasonable and equal treatment, and organizational culture. Even as Allen and Shanock (2013) concentrated upon socialization and relationships with colleagues, George (2015) recognized eight factors determining retention of employees: administration, favorable environment, social support and advancement openings, independence, pay, structured workl oad, and work-life adjustment. From the observation of different researchers and authors, it is evident that employee recognition plays a huge role in the retention of employees. In McDonalds a strong recognition culture remains instilled, with focus entirely on its people (Aaker 2012). They believe that to ensure better functioning, superior quality customer services, hygiene and quality product, investments in its people are a prerequisite. Their unique culture has been underpinned by means of five major dimensions: people, place, product, price and promotion. The recognition schemes incorporated by McDonalds include formal annual events and development programs that run their operations at the restaurant and corporate levels (Corporate.mcdonalds.com 2017). Their Crew Recognition Program functions at their store levels. This recognition program specifically identifies crewmembers that have significantly contributed to the overall performance of the restaurant. Staffs who have records of highly contributing and p erforming receive recognition at the end of the month, quarter or year. After that, these employees get their names put up on the monthly staff magazines and publications, WRAPT or are rewarded by a gift or discount card. Their corporate level recognition schemes include outstanding achievement awards. These winners are selected by means of their contribution to the business strategy or delivered results that were beyond expectations. The senior management team provides approval for the recipient, who gets a gift voucher along with a formal recognition in the presence of all the employees. McDonalds believes in transparency and that is reflected in their structured approach to remuneration (Nadolny and Ryan 2015). The main motive of such recognition schemes are to attract and keep young, skilled employees who are important as well as difficult to find for todays businesses (Samek and Sheremeta 2014). It has become more and more difficult for employers today to retain the workforce, younger workforce having different attitudes towards work and the older workforce who are on the verge of retirement (Dychtwald, Erickson and Morison 2013). A good salary might attract people to come up to the front door, but something more is required to make them stay. Individuals have a basic need of being appreciated and praised for their work. Recognition and rewarding schemes assist in meeting that need (Stocker et al. 2014). For that, bonus and recognition schemes are becoming more and more important for employees, and have become one of the top factors for professionals looking to join certain organizations. Employers are becoming more aware of the fact that failing to include such schemes in the organizatio ns human resource policies can result in missing out on potential talents for their businesses (Shahid and Azhar 2013). McDonalds recognition schemes have made them what they are today one of the best organizations to work in. It blends flawlessly with their people-culture and appeals to potential talented employees. The HR policies include training and development also so that the potential can be trained and their talents polished to ensure an engaged workforce. With McDonalds people-oriented policies, staffs receive the right amount of backing and training, with new skills added to their specialization. Thus, the recognition schemes also motivate managers and assure them that they have a good chance to receive support for their development and career opportunities at McDonalds, resulting in the organizations maintaining of a pool of potential leaders and retaining staff (Kramer et al. 2011). Recognition scheme gets support from the managers and HR policies in organizations. It also gets support from the theoretical perspectives also. Employees of every organization expect to be recognized and rewarded for their contributions to the organization. Being rewarded motivates employees to contribute further towards the profitability of the organization (Yousaf et al. 2014). To best describe the role of expectancy in supporting employee recognition programs in organizations, expectancy theory by Victor Vroom of Yale School of Management is one of the best approaches. The theory of expectancy says that direct comes to fruition on account of perceptive choices among decisions whose reason it is to lift amuse and to farthest point torment. Vroom appreciated that an agent's execution depends on upon individual parts, for example, character, aptitudes, learning, data and breaking points. He conveyed that exertion, execution and motivation are related in a man's motivation. He utiliz es the factors Expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence to address this. The theory prescribes that despite the way that people may have specific game-plans of goals, they can be pushed on the off chance that they expect that there is a valuable relationship among endeavors and execution, great execution will accomplish a charming prize, the reward will fulfill an essential need and the aching to fulfill the need is sufficiently solid to endeavor being useful (Parijat and Bagga 2014). Laborers are impelled when they assume that more unmistakable effort on their part will incite to better occupation execution and better business execution will provoke to better illustrative prizes (higher remuneration, unique open entryways, association benefits and shares). Agents furthermore have confidence in these normal laborers affirmation, specialist motivations and the occupation rewards since they have a motivator to the specialist. Along these lines, managers must recognize, offer and execute appropriate and needed delegate motivations. This association between what delegates need and regard and the prizes offered will finally incite to extended laborer productivity and positive outcomes for the association (Brun and Cooper 2016). The role of agency theory in motivating employers to introduce recognition schemes is different than that of the expectancy theory. Agency theory has been used to grasp conditions in which an individual delegates obligation with respect to an endeavor to various individuals (Pepper and Gore 2015). The individual selecting the work is known as the principal, and the individual to whom endeavors are doled out is insinuated as the agent. Agency theory is used to explain elective strategies for controlling behavior remembering the true objective to diminish beyond reconciliation conditions that unquestionably rise when principals allot commitment to agents. The theory suggests that agency costs are constrained when the firm is controlled by the proprietors. Exactly when this is the circumstance, beyond reconciliation circumstances are discarded, and agency costs are lessened. Agency theory is of stimulus in the examination and plan of non-manager's remuneration. For this situation, the u niqueness of interests might exist between bosses (now in the bit of principals) and their masters (who go up against the bit of agents). Agency theory says that the principal must pick a contracting plan that adjusts the interests of the agent with the principal's own specific points of interest (i.e., diminishes agency costs). These understandings can be named either direct organized (e.g., legitimize pay) or result arranged (e.g., speculation openings, advantage sharing, commissions). Agency theory is concerned with settling two issues that can occur in agency associations. The first is the agency issue that develops when (a) the longings or targets of the principal and agent strife and (b) it is troublesome or expensive for the principal to affirm what the agent is truly doing. The issue here is that the principal can't affirm that the agent has acted legitimately. The second is the issue of risk sharing that rises when the principal and agent have differing dispositions toward peril. The issue here is that the principal and the agent may slant toward different exercises therefore of the unmistakable danger slants (Shogren et al. 2015). Isolating things further, affiliations that interface pay to individual execution will presumably attract individualistic sorts of delegates, while affiliations depending more strongly on gathering prizes will likely draw in more gathering focused laborers. Regardless of the way that there is no strong confirmation of this yet, it has been found that unmistakable pay systems attract different people depending upon their personality attributes and qualities. The recommendation is that the blueprint of pay ventures ought to be meticulously sorted out with the business and human resource approach. In comparison with the people culture in McDonaldss, and high remuneration plans, nonprofit organizations like Optus and Spastic Centre, following the salary packaging method for employee retention. In this way employees have a power over the way they receive their rewards. In these kind of packages some popular items are included like benefit vehicles, laptops and PCs, PDAs and employer superannuated contribution in excess to the minimum superannuation guarantee scheme. Both Optus and Spastic Centre used the means of salary packaging so that they can attract and retain talented employees. The salary packaging offering of Optus includes childcare center, food and beverage outlets, gym and licensed restaurant. The food outlets are leased out and those selected employees would be able to use a special card at the point of sale. The withdrawal happens from their payroll and goes as payment to the outlet. On site food provisions have been the most beneficial part of the whole scheme and met the needs of the employees. On the other hand, Spastic Centre has special amount of allowance per year, set aside for expenses that include meal entertainment allowance. They have been a follower of the salary packaging plan for almost more than 12 years. It was initially introduced with the aim of paying at least market rates comparable to NGOs, and played an effectual role in reducing turnover (Kramer et al. 2011). For quite a while, the business group has perceived the adequacy of yearly motivation pay grant arranges. An impetus grant program in the revenue driven division can be an intense motivational apparatus for drawing in and holding top ability, expanding profitability, and eventually, accomplishing corporate objectives (expanding benefits). Accordingly, more than 80% of top officials in the private segment take an interest in motivating force arranges. All together for a Non-Profit association to effectively do its central goal, and satisfy the general population's desires, it must pull in, hold, and propel equipped staff, especially in key administration and expert positions. An adequately oversaw Non-Profit association is for the most part more fruitful in pulling in group, business, and expert pioneers as volunteers. Not-for-profit associations ordinarily have less assets and less money to spend than revenue driven substances with regards to offering lucrative remuneration bundles. Non-benefit associations don't have enormous spending plans and their spending is frequently examined in a path that revenue driven organizations can't start to envision. One reason representatives work for not-for-profit associations, beneficent establishments or group benefit gatherings is they have confidence in the association's central goal and logic. In any case, representatives acknowledge motivating forces and acknowledgment, and bosses who make powerful impetus projects will probably discover laborers and workers who are completely locked in (Speckbacher 2013). Conclusion The essay fulfills its role in conveying and discussing about the need and importance of employee retention in organizations. The incorporation of recognition schemes in McDonalds were compared to that of the salary packaging offering in two non-profits, Optus and Spastic Center. McDonalds has a strong recognition culture and they believe that to ensure better functioning, superior quality customer services, hygiene and quality product, investments in its people are a prerequisite. On the other hand the non-profits have much lesser amount to invest and tries to include contribution from returns and employees themselves to settle upon benefits for everyone. The approaches of these organization proved one thing - to attract and keep young, skilled employees who are important as well as difficult to find for todays businesses employee recognition schemes are a must. References Aaker, D.A., 2012.Building strong brands. Simon and Schuster. Allen, D.G. and Shanock, L.R., 2013. Perceived organizational support and embeddedness as key mechanisms connecting socialization tactics to commitment and turnover among new employees.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(3), pp.350-369. Brun, J. and Cooper, C., 2016.Missing pieces: 7 ways to improve employee well-being and organizational effectiveness. Springer. Corporate.mcdonalds.com. 2017. Salary Incentive Compensation - McDonald's :: McDonalds. [online] Available at: https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/mcd/corporate_careers/benefits/highlights_of_what_we_offer/pay_and_rewards.html [Accessed 3 Feb. 2017]. Das, B.L. and Baruah, M., 2013. Employee retention: A review of literature.Journal of Business and Management,14(2), pp.08-16. Deery, M. and Jago, L., 2015. Revisiting talent management, work-life balance and retention strategies.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), pp.453-472. Dychtwald, K., Erickson, T.J. and Morison, R., 2013. Workforce crisis: How to beat the coming shortage of skills and talent. Harvard Business Press. George, C., 2015. Retaining professional workers: what makes them stay?.Employee Relations,37(1), pp.102-121. Kossivi, B., Xu, M. and Kalgora, B., 2016. Study on Determining Factors of Employee Retention.Open Journal of Social Sciences,4(05), p.261. Kramer, R., Bartram, T., De Cieri, H., Noe, R.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Gerhart, B. and Wright, P.M., 2011. Human Resource Management in Australia-Strategy, People, Performance. Mehta, M., Kurbetti, A. and Dhankhar, R., 2014. Review PaperStudy on Employee Retention and Commitment.International journal of advance research in computer science and management studies,154(5). Nadolny, A. and Ryan, S., 2015. McUniversities revisited: a comparison of university and McDonald's casual employee experiences in Australia.Studies in Higher Education,40(1), pp.142-157. Parijat, P. and Bagga, S., 2014. Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory of MotivationAn Evaluation.International Research Journal of Business and Management,7(9), pp.1-8. Pepper, A. and Gore, J., 2015. Behavioral agency theory: New foundations for theorizing about executive compensation.Journal of management,41(4), pp.1045-1068. Samek, A.S. and Sheremeta, R.M., 2014. Recognizing contributors: an experiment on public goods.Experimental Economics,17(4), pp.673-690. Shahid, A. and Azhar, S.M., 2013. Gaining employee commitment: Linking to organizational effectiveness.Journal of management research,5(1), p.250. Shogren, K.A., Wehmeyer, M.L., Palmer, S.B., Forber-Pratt, A.J., Little, T.J. and Lopez, S., 2015. Causal agency theory: Reconceptualizing a functional model of self-determination.Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities,50(3), p.251. Speckbacher, G., 2013. The use of incentives in nonprofit organizations.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,42(5), pp.1006-1025. Stocker, D., Jacobshagen, N., Krings, R., Pfister, I.B. and Semmer, N.K., 2014. Appreciative leadership and employee well-being in everyday working life.German Journal of Human Resource Management,28(1-2), pp.73-95. Yousaf, S., Latif, M., Aslam, S. and Saddiqui, A., 2014. Impact of financial and non-financial rewards on employee motivation.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,21(10), pp.1776-1786.

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He learned the local languages and was able to preach in their native tongue. This was a more effective way of spreading religion which made thousands of people convert to Christianity. Missionaries like Xavier were influential in saving the souls of people from all around the world, completing an objective of exploration. The Age of Exploration developed along with the Renaissance, as these ideas influenced their desires for individual glory. The Renaissance stressed the individual human being, so explorers wanted to earn fame and honor for themselves with successful explorations. People during this time wanted to live enjoyable lives, unlike people during the medieval times who wanted to reach heaven. Because of this, people during the Renaissance worked for themselves and worked to become rich in order to live an enjoyable life. Explorers also wanted to voyage in search of individual wealth and fame. Explorer Christopher Columbus was an example as he worked to achieve fame and fortune (Christopher Columbus). His contract with the Spanish rulers agreed that when he discovered land, he would be given a noble title, could keep ten percent of the riches he found, and would be able to govern the lands he discovered. Kings and queens also wanted glory for their countries, so they promoted exploration. Wit h the invention of the printing press, it became possible for one to become famous for what he or she did. With this in mind, explorers became motivated by personal glory to discover lands in the New World. The â€Å"rebirth† of classical Greek and Roman values that brought many changes to how people thought was created by the Crusades. The holy wars let the Europeans see beyond their own world, sparking their interest in learning which led to the Renaissance. The secular outlook made people think more about religious authority, and also gave them scientific curiosity (Brotton). It was a time when people wanted to learn more about the world. Humanism brought intellectual curiosity about the world to people’s minds, and the discoveries made led to a new age in search of scientific knowledge. The will and courage to learn and understand different cultures made people want to explore and see more around the world (Lecture 2). This idea links with the Renaissance in general, and also the human nature to explore and gain information on the unknown. The search for trade routes that led to wealth was an indispensable cause of European exploration. The Crusades and trade brought the Europeans to spices, silk, and other luxuries. The Europeans demanded spices from the East to add flavor to their bland food, making it extremely valuable. When important trade routes to the East were blocked by the Turks, the explorers embarked to find better ones (FC67). Better trade routes could increase the profit made in the markets of luxuries. Thomas Mun’s ideas on the effects of foreign trade stated in England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade showed how he supported foreign trade since it increased England’s treasury (Koeller). He tells of how England exports more goods than it imports, thus increasing the profit they made from trade. This idea links to mercantilism, where people thought that there was only a limited amount of money in the world. In order to make the kingdom strong, they had to have more wealth than other countr ies. Mercantilism motivated the Europeans to explore and search for trade routes, which could then help them become wealthy and powerful. Before the newer trade routes existed, trade for goods in the East was controlled by the Italians and Muslims. The Muslims sold the goods they got from the East to the Italians at a raised price, and then the Italians also increased the price of the goods sold to Europe in order to make profit. The Europeans were not happy with the amount they had to pay, so they wanted to find a route directly to Asia to bypass the middlemen. Before trade routes were found, a pound of cinnamon cost twenty-four pence, which would have taken a master carpenter three days to earn (Kelley). Although costly, Europeans still considered spices a necessity and were willing to pay large amounts of money for them. In order to acquire these goods and more wealth, explorers searched for trade routes, and the Portuguese accomplished this with their trading empire. Previous costs of spices could be anywhere from ten to a hundred times the original price, so a huge difference was made to these prices after the tra ding empire was created (Munro). It allowed merchants to bring back goods at the original price paid at the source, making it affordable to more Europeans. The Age of Discovery would not have been possible without the geographical knowledge gained during this time. Before maps had improved and included locations on global scales, sailors used the color of skies and waters, the types of vegetation, and also the types of sea birds in the area to identify their location. Later, portolan charts, coastal maps of Europe and the Mediterranean, and global projections were created, giving the Europeans better ideas of the world (FC81). With clear ideas of direction, sailing became a lot easier and explorers were also less likely to sail to the wrong place. Prince Henry the Navigator helped improve the techniques used to explore and map the new lands. He developed the first nautical map that replaced the portolan charts (Briney). The portolan charts kept sailors close to the shore, but the nautical maps allowed them to sail away from land which improved the results of travel, because more could be seen and discovered. Prince Henry also introduced navigational schools to improve the geographical knowledge of explorers. Furthermore, various naval inventions and advancements allowed the oceans to be sailed. Some of the most important were the magnetic compass, the astrolabe, and the changes in shipbuilding (FC81). The compass invented by the Chinese gave a better sense of direction. The astrolabe, perfected by the Muslims, helped determine latitude. Great changes were also made to the European ships. The hulls of the caravels were bulkier and sturdier, allowing voyage in large waves. The southern triangle or lateen sail allowed ships to sail against the wind, which was not possible before. These inventions made sailing overseas an attainable task, leading to the discovery of the various areas separate from Europe. The Age of Exploration was a crucial period of time that made influential differences in not only the history of Europe, but the history of almost the entire world. This event would never have occurred without the Crusades, Renaissance, and advancements in technology. The will to fulfill religious desires, search for wealth, and pursue personal fame drove the Europeans out of the Old World in search of new places over the seas. All the voyages made helped link different countries together, and even influenced the basis of knowledge nowadays. Although the Age of Discovery ended in the 1600s, the effects of it still make significant changes to the world today. Works Cited Briney, Amanda. â€Å"A History of the Age of Exploration.† About Education. About.com, n.d. Web. 28 Sept. 2014. Brotton, Jeremy. â€Å"The Myth of the Renaissance in Europe.† BBC History. BBC, 17 Feb. 2011. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. Butler, John. â€Å"FC67: The Crusades Their Impact.† The Flow of History. Chris Butler, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. . â€Å"FC81: Early voyages of Exploration.† The Flow of History. Chris Butler, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. â€Å"Christopher Columbus.† History.com. AE Television Networks, n.d. Web. 21 May 2015. Kelley, Laura. â€Å"The Silk Road Roots of the Age of Exploration.† The Silk Road Gourmet, 24 Feb. 2010. Web. 21 May 2015. Koeller, David. â€Å"Thomas Mun: England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade.† Then Again†¦ David Koeller, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. Kreis, Steven. â€Å"Lecture 2: The Age of Discovery.† The History Guide. Steve Kreis, 2 May 2011. Web. 12 Oct. 2014. . â€Å"The Myth of Prester John.† The History Guide. Steve Kreis, 11 Oct. 2006. Web. 18 Nov. 2014. McGrath, Jane. â€Å"How Missionaries Work.† HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks, 4 June 2009. Web. 24 May 2015. Miller, Jane. â€Å"Explorer Bartolomeu Dias.† ThingLink. ThingLink, n.d. Web. 21 May 2015. Munro, John. â€Å"Oriental Spices and Their Costs in Medieval Cuisine: Luxuries or Necessities?† Spices and Their Costs in Medieval Europe, n.d. Web. 21 May 2015. â€Å"The European Voyages of Exploration: Introduction.† Saylor.org Academy. Saylor Foundation, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2014.